Soteriology 101: Understanding the Work of Christ – Part 7
Text: Romans 9:1-33
Introduction
Last week, we explored the concept of “ordo salutis”—the “order of salvation”—a framework that outlines the key events in the application of salvation. Understanding this concept is pivotal because how we arrange these events shapes our understanding of soteriology, the study of salvation. While these theological debates may seem abstract or unimportant to some, they profoundly impact how we view God’s role in salvation, human free will, and the nature of grace.
In this article, we will examine one of the most debated topics within soteriology: the doctrine of election. Using Romans 9 as our guide, we will explore how this chapter has been interpreted, the theological questions it raises, and what Paul intended to convey to his original audience.
What Is Election?
Election, as traditionally understood, refers to God’s sovereign choice to save certain individuals before the foundation of the world. This idea is closely associated with Calvinism, which argues that God’s election is unconditional, not based on human merit or actions. Calvinists often cite passages like Ephesians 1 and Romans 9 to defend this view, asserting that God’s choice is purely based on His will and purpose.
However, a contrasting view understands election differently. This perspective argues that God’s election is not about predetermining individuals for salvation or damnation. Instead, it emphasizes God’s plan to save all who place their faith in Christ. Election, in this sense, is centered on Christ as the chosen one, and all who are “in Christ” by faith share in His election.
Total Depravity and the Role of Faith
Calvinists further assert that humanity is so utterly fallen—totally depraved—that no one can choose God or have faith in Christ without divine intervention. This belief forms the basis of the doctrine of Total Depravity, which holds that sin has so thoroughly corrupted human nature that no one would seek God on their own. Consequently, Calvinists argue that regeneration (spiritual rebirth) must precede faith. In other words, God must first bring an individual to life spiritually, enabling them to believe in Christ.
While this view highlights the depth of human sinfulness, the alternative perspective maintains that faith is the condition for salvation. God, in His grace, provides the opportunity for all to believe, but individuals must respond to His call through faith.
Romans 9: Examining the Doctrine of Election
Romans 9 is a foundational text for discussions about election. However, before diving into the text, we must establish some rules for proper interpretation:
The Promise of God: Not By Physical Descent
In Romans 9:1-5, Paul expresses his sorrow over Israel’s rejection of the Messiah. Despite their heritage, privileges, and covenantal history, many Israelites had rejected Jesus. This raises a critical question: Has God’s promise to Israel failed?Paul’s answer is an emphatic no.
Romans 9:6 states, “It is not as though the word of God has failed. For not all who are descended from Israel belong to Israel.” Here, Paul introduces a key idea: being a physical descendant of Abraham does not guarantee inclusion in God’s covenant family. Instead, the true children of Abraham are those who share in his faith (see Romans 4:13-16, Galatians 3:7-9).
Paul reinforces this point by referencing the stories of Isaac and Jacob. God chose Isaac over Ishmael and Jacob over Esau, not based on their works but according to His promise and purpose. However, these choices were not about individual salvation but about fulfilling God’s redemptive plan through a specific lineage.
God’s Sovereignty and Human Responsibility
Romans 9:14-18 addresses the question of God’s justice: “Is there injustice on God’s part? By no means!” Paul argues that God has the sovereign right to extend mercy and harden hearts as He wills. He cites God’s dealings with Pharaoh as an example. Pharaoh’s hardened heart allowed God to display His power and deliver the Israelites from bondage.
It is crucial to understand that God’s hardening of Pharaoh’s heart was not an arbitrary act. Pharaoh consistently resisted God, and his hardening was both a consequence of his rebellion and a demonstration of God’s sovereign purposes.
Similarly, in Romans 9:19-24, Paul uses the analogy of the potter and the clay to emphasize God’s authority. However, this does not mean that God arbitrarily predestines some people for destruction. Rather, God’s patience with “vessels of wrath” serves to display His mercy toward “vessels of mercy.”
Election in Light of Faith
A key takeaway from Romans 9 is that God’s election is not about favoritism or predetermination but about fulfilling His promise to bless the nations through Christ. The “children of the promise” are those who place their faith in Christ, regardless of their ethnic background.
Paul’s argument in Romans 9-11 is consistent with his broader message: salvation comes through faith, not works or heritage. The promise made to Abraham was ultimately fulfilled in Christ, and all who believe in Him are counted as children of God.
Conclusion
Romans 9 is a profound chapter that underscores God’s sovereignty, justice, and mercy. While it has been interpreted in various ways, a careful reading reveals that Paul’s focus is on God’s redemptive plan, not on predestining individuals for salvation or damnation. God’s election is rooted in His promise to save all who come to Him through faith in Christ.
As we continue to explore the doctrine of salvation, let us hold firmly to the truth that God’s grace is available to all, and His desire is for everyone to come to faith in His Son.
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